No Added Chemicals

In this section, we will have a discussion about the origin of spontaneity of process by looking some of the thermodynamics properties, one of it is entropy. Besides that, we will also see the thermodynamics laws that become the foundations of the concept of entropy which are the 2nd and 3rd laws of thermodynamics. Furthermore, we will see one of the application of the 2nd law of thermodynamics in Carnot engine. An idealised (impossible) engine

In this section, we will see the trends in stability constant where the ligands and the metal ions are changed. We will see some patterns that build up this concept about the trends and end up in hard and soft acid base theory. Lastly, in this section we will see how complex chemistry is used in our daily life.

In this section, we will build up one of the concept of the trend in stability constant where changing the ligands into chelating agent has effect on the stability constant. A chelating agent or a chelate can be defined as polydentate ligand where it has more than 1 attachment point of ligand-metal ion. In this section, we will also see the origin and the physical interpretation of the chelate effect. [M(EDTA ) ] (n-4)+  complex, the chelate effect

In this section, we will have a discussion how to make a complex compound through some common methods or reactions such as substitution or redox reaction. Besides that, we will also see some thermodynamics and kinetics aspect in complexation reaction, one of the thermodynamics parameter which will be discussed is the stability constant, K . Lastly, we will also see the pattern of K in complexation reaction with some abnormal cases.

In this section, we will build up again the concept of CFSE as we will look the consequences over CFSE into some observable values, such as hydration enthalpy of  M 2+  and ionic radius of  M 2+  ions. Besides that, we can also determine from the value of  Δ o  from hydration enthalpy. In this section also, we will look how CFSE could be used to predict the geometry of coordinated complex to be a tetrahedral or a octahedral complex.

In this section, we will have a discussion for one of the consequences of crystal splitting (CFSE) stabilisation energy which is observed in a spectrum. In this section, we will explain some unique characteristics of complex compound's absorption spectrum. Furthermore, we will also see Jahn-Teller distortion which gives the unique pattern of absorption spectrum of a complex compound.

In this section, we will continue our discussion in radicals and we will discuss about the radicals in our life. In this case, we will see how radicals play prominent roles in antioxidant and immune system of body, and also in the atmosphere as it affects the climate of the Earth.

In this section, we will have a discussion about the consequences of crystal field theory  which is the colour in complexes and magnetism. In this discussion, the crystal field theory will rationalise the origin of both properties. Furthermore, the geometry of complexes could also form the isomerism which can give different characters of complexes.

In this section we will build up our understanding in d -block complex compounds by looking the bonding in complex compounds. One of the approach is by using the crystal field theory which can derive some important properties of complexes. Then, we will see some factors that affect the crystal field splitting such as the ligands and the metal centre ion.