No Added Chemicals

In this part, we will see some example of the cosmetics product and the chemistry behind the products. Besides that, we will see how the chemistry can give the function of the different products. Woman at Her Toilette Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (1889) A cosmetic can be defined as a substance that is applied directly to the human body for " cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance ". Hence, this the example for cosmetic products: Shampoo, hair dyes, hand and body soaps, skin creams, lipsticks, mascara, nail varnish, perfumes, colognes, deodorants, mouthwashes, anti-perspirants, toothpastes, and other cosmetics and toiletries.

In this section, we will see how the sunscreen lotions provide a protective barrier from UV radiation and as well the chemical component of sunscreen lotions. To start with, we will have a brief look of the electromagnetic wave spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum

In this section we will see how chemistry create our daily hair product, from shampoo to hair spray. Besides that, we will see the chemical compounds that make the function of the hair care product, and to begin, we start from a brief overview about hair care products.

In this section, we will see the laundry formulation and how the formulation can clean your clothes.   The soap recipe is basically an ancient technology. A soap-like material was found in clay cylinders dating to 2800 BC during excavation of Babylon. The inscription confirmed that fats were boiled with ashes, but the material was used as a hair styling aid. Then, in the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt (ca 1500 BC) is the oldest known medical textbook and one of the content is a soap-like recipe. It describes combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form a soap-like material for was washing, as well as for treating skin diseases. Moreover, in ancient Rome at Mount. Sapos which was the place for regular animal sacrifices and the fats ran off from the hill into the Tiber river with the ashes and it was found as the best place to wash clothes at the river bank. The Ebers Papyrus

Nowadays, we can see many decorative structure around the world which is coated by paint. However, the paint technology that we use widely have been used for many thousands of year, from the cave painting which was dated from the prehistoric age up to the painting of Mona Lisa. Generally, there are 2 main functions of the paint; as decorative which makes product (car, house, etc) more attractive, so it is easier to sell, and as a protective barrier for example preventing car from corrosion and house from mould formation. The basic formulation of paint consists from 4 main components: pigment, extender, binder, and carrier. Later on we will see the function of those components and how it works in paint formulation (paint technology).

In this section, we will try to discuss the chemistry behind the solar cell such as the types of photovoltaic cell and how it works. Furthermore, we will also see the future application. To begin with, we will start from the Sun as the energy source for photovoltaic cell. The sun is comprised mainly of H and He by 74% (w/w) and 25% (w/w) respectively. The energy from the sun is produced by the nuclear fusion reaction. At the core of the sun, H-2 (deuterium) and H-3 (tritium) undergo nuclear fusion reaction to form He-4, a neutron, and as well the energy itself, and the reaction is: Moreover, the energy that is produced from H fusion reaction is 17.6 MeV (1 eV = 96.5 kJ). Besides that, the sun also acts as a black-body radiator at a temperature of 5800 °C, and it is emitting photons mostly in visible range. A black body radiator can be defined as an idealised object that emits a temperature-dependent spectrum of light and a photon is the elementary particle responsible for electrom

Fuel cell can be described as it can directly convert the chemical energy that is carried by hydrogen fuel into electrical energy and it is suggested that as the final step in a hydrogen economy. Moreover, fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of potential application, from small electronic devices up to power plants. Sir William R. Grove

The supply of clean and renewable energy is probably one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century and mainly the energy sources is came from fossil fuel. It is estimated that current reserves will be exhausted in approximately 50 years, so it is vital that alternative energy sources are found soon. This is in part due to the finite supply of oil, but also to reduce harmful emissions associated with the burning of oil. One of the alternative energy source is hydrogen.

Most of the portable electronic devices in these day use battery as the power source. In this section, we will see how chemistry is applied into our daily life through battery. Battery is already known for a long time ago and the earliest battery was dated around 250 BC and 640 AD. It was found by Wilhelm Konig in 1938, but no one known the exact application. Many scientists suggest it might be used for electroplating. Schematic diagram of Baghdad Battery