No Added Chemicals

25.7 MW Lauingen Energy Park, Germany As part of solutions for the climate change, the demand for 'clean' energy has increased in the recent years. One of the piece of technologies that can fulfil this demand is solar cell which it can harness the solar energy. At this stage, the conventional solar cell, which is made of a thick layer of doped-silicon, is very expensive and the manufacturing process is energy consuming process. Another type of solar cell, dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) or Grätzell cell, can be a solution for the expensive silicon solar cell. Instead of expensive silicon as semiconductor, cheaper TiO 2 is used and ruthenium-based complex compound as solar light harvester. However, this cell has a problem with solvent leakage, which can be  not environmentally friendly. The efficiency of this cell is also a problem; DSSC's efficiency is up to 11% while Si-based solar cell can be up to 25%. To address these problems, another type of solar cell has been ...

In the recent decade, chemists have taken nature as its inspiration in many ways; one of them is in medicinal chemistry. Many natural products have been screened for their bioactivities to develop new generation of therapeutic agents for 'incurable' diseases such as cancer. However, there is one major drawback from taking natural product as drug. This problem is its complex structure which makes it difficult to synthesise especially in large scale. Anticancer drugs: natural products (paclitaxel) and coordination complex (cisplatin) Luckily, a simple coordination complex, such as cisplatin, gives similar efficacy as natural product-based drug and simple coordination complex is used to treat 80% of all solid cancers. It is noteworthy that the market for this drug is around $1 billion.

This time, it is less than a week until Christmas and it is quite appropriate if this time we are digging one of the stories around Christmas, which is the adoration of the magi. The magi, sometimes they are called the wise men or kings, travelled from far east to Bethlehem following the Star of Bethlehem to pay homage to the Infant Jesus. They also brought three gifts to be given to the King of kings: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. This story and the gifts they brought are immortalised in several Christmas carols, one of them is  "We Three Kings " by John Henry Hopkins. We Three Kings  arr. Martin Neary and sung by King's College Choir at 2012 Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols. For lyrics, click here . This time, for Christmas special, we'll see the chemical significance of those gifts for the Infant Jesus.

Falling in love is one of the greatest gifts to humankind and also it is one of the strongest feeling that human can have. This feeling also quite interesting because every person would have different answer why they are attracted to somebody else. However, science can explain the key features when somebody is falling in love and surprisingly it is not related to heart, as many people thought, but it is related to brain activity.

The laser action is notably used in science fiction movie such as the lightsabers in Star Wars movies. However, laser itself also has been used in field of science since for a long time such as spectroscopy. This time, we will see the basic principles of the chemistry behind laser and also some real examples of the application of laser. 

In this section, we will continue our discussion in radicals and we will discuss about the radicals in our life. In this case, we will see how radicals play prominent roles in antioxidant and immune system of body, and also in the atmosphere as it affects the climate of the Earth.

In this section we will explore the chemistry behind the radicals and how radicals relate closely in our world. This part we will explore the fundamentals of radical which include how to generate radical and their stability. After that, we will see how radicals can be used in daily life, mainly in polymer synthesis. Radical, single-electron species

In this section we will have a brief overview about one of the important ingredients of life, which is water ( H 2 O ). We will have a discussion around the properties of water and some anomalous properties of water. Lastly, we will have a brief look about the latest technology to address the problem about clean water.

In this section, we have a discussion about the chemistry of paper manufacturer. We will see the chemistry of paper especially the processing to make a paper and it will be concluded the future trend of paper. To begin with, we will have a time travel through the history of paper.

In this section, we will see the chemistry behind the recipe of ice cream. In more detail, we will see the chemistry recipe of ice cream, the processing of ice cream, and the transporting ice cream can face problems. Moreover, this section will be concluded by the future possible development of ice cream. To begin with, we will start with some figures related to ice cream.

In this section, we will discuss about the chemistry behind chocolate. In more detail, we have a discussion about what chocolate is from chemistry point of view and how it is manufactured, as the processing determines the quality of chocolate product. To begin our discussion, we will have a brief history about chocolate.

In this section, we will have a discussion around the drugs delivery and tissue engineering. In discussion about drugs delivery, we will see not only the topical methods, but also how to control the release of active pharmaceutics components. Lastly, we will see about tissue engineering with focus on the scaffolding.

In this section, we will have a look how dentists and optometrists apply chemistry in their works. This section will have a look about fillings and adhesive that are used by dentists, and contact lenses from optometrists. In general, this section will discuss how polymer plays important roles for dentists and optomerists. Teeth

This part will have a look how chemistry can be applied in healthcare and in this part will have a look for materials that have contact with blood and use in cardiovascular (heart and the blood vessels). As an introduction, the world healthcare market is approximately  £ 4000 billion and globally, the pharmaceutical market is estimated to be  £200 billion. Besides that, the world medical device markets have been estimated to be around  £120 billion and regenerative medicine is estimated worth  £1 000 billion by 2020. Synthetic materials in the body

As human being which comprises of 60% of water, liquid consumption is important to fulfill the nutrition as well for pleasure. In this section we will try to see the chemistry inside of our daily drinks. Since there are a lot of type of drinks or beverage in our daily life, we only discuss 3 types; Coca Cola, tea and coffee, and wine. The drinks

Spaghetti Bolognese In this part, we will encounter another food recipe, spaghetti bolognese, from the point of view of a chemist. Spaghetti bolognese is a simpler dish than rice curry as we saw in previous article, but in point of view of a chemist is still a complicated dish as it comprises a lot of ingredient. In this section, we will try to focus on the main ingredients; garlic, lycopene from tomatoes, olive oil, and cooking meat. We will not discuss about the pasta because it is simply carbohydrate in similar way as rice (have a look in curry recipe ).

In this section, we will have a look the chemistry inside curry rice. We will have a brief description about the key chemicals inside this recipe as well the bioactivities of the molecule which has the function as nutrient. The Art of Cookery (1747) by Hannah Glasse Before we discuss the chemical compounds on curry and rice, it is better to have a quick overview about its history. The term of curry was used in English long before arrival of traders to the subcontinent and the first curry recipe in Britain appeared in The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse in 1747. However, the early recipes did not include hot spices because chili plants were not introduced to India until the 1500's.

In this section, we will see about healthy eating, which will focus on the vitamins. Besides that, the chemistry of vitamin which helps to maintain the immune system will be discussed briefly. Moreover, since there are a lot of types of vitamin, we will see only vitamin A, C, and E in this section; vitamins is also about nutrient and neutraceutic. Vitamin B12

In this part, we will see some example of the cosmetics product and the chemistry behind the products. Besides that, we will see how the chemistry can give the function of the different products. Woman at Her Toilette Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (1889) A cosmetic can be defined as a substance that is applied directly to the human body for " cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance ". Hence, this the example for cosmetic products: Shampoo, hair dyes, hand and body soaps, skin creams, lipsticks, mascara, nail varnish, perfumes, colognes, deodorants, mouthwashes, anti-perspirants, toothpastes, and other cosmetics and toiletries.

In this section, we will see how the sunscreen lotions provide a protective barrier from UV radiation and as well the chemical component of sunscreen lotions. To start with, we will have a brief look of the electromagnetic wave spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum