No Added Chemicals

In this section, we will discuss about the chemistry behind chocolate. In more detail, we have a discussion about what chocolate is from chemistry point of view and how it is manufactured, as the processing determines the quality of chocolate product. To begin our discussion, we will have a brief history about chocolate.

In this section, we will have a discussion about the covalent bonding in a molecule from two point of view, hybridisation and molecular orbital (MO) theory. In this section we will have a discussion about the hybridisation related to some fundamental geometries and in MO theory, we will see how to construct a simple MO for diatomic molecule. This section is a continuity from previous discussion about VSEPR (see A Quick Guide to VSEPR ). From VSEPR calculations help to predict shape of molecules but tell us nothing about the bonding. Once we know the shape of a molecule, we can think about how the atoms are held together, as the nature of bonding, and there is more than one way to do this. The first point of view is the bonding as the localised models, a bond involves overlap of two orbitals on adjacent atoms (hybridisation). In the other hands, the molecular bonding can be seen as delocalised models, a bond involves orbitals spread over the whole molecule (MO theory).

In this section, we will discuss about how to predict geometry of a molecule by using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. In this section, we will use this simple method not only to rationalise shape of molecules but we can also predict the geometry of molecules. This method works as well for organic and inorganic structures.

In this section we will discuss about one of the main principles of thermodynamics which is energy accountancy. In this section, we will focus on heat transactions which is the application of first law of thermodynamics. Besides that, we will also discuss about enthalpy where the reaction happens at constant pressure. Furthermore, we will also discuss about heat capacity and adiabatic system.

This section we will discuss the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics which are the zeroth and first law of thermodynamics. Besides that, we will also have a discussion about two important points related to the first law which are heat and work.

This section we will discuss about the fundamental theory of gases as we focus on kinetic theory of gases (perfect or ideal gas), real gases, intermolecular forces, and kinetic theory. Besides that in kinetic theory of gases we will see perfect gases' state functions in term of energy and as well for real gases. In this section we will also see briefly about diffusion and effusion.