No Added Chemicals

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013 to Martin Karplus (Université de Strasbourg, France and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA), Michael Levitt (Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA), and Arieh Warshel (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA) “for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”

In this section, we will build up our concepts about the 3 laws of thermodynamics (the 1st, 2nd, and the 3rd laws of thermodynamics) to bring the concept of spontaneity of reactions based on new parameter which is the free energy. In this section, there are 2 types of free energy which are the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, and we will have a deeper discussion in Gibbs free energy because it is used more common in chemistry. Furthermore, we will see briefly how the free energy is related to the equilibrium process. Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (left) and Josiah Willard Gibbs (right) The founders of the concept of free energies

In this section, we will have a discussion about the origin of spontaneity of process by looking some of the thermodynamics properties, one of it is entropy. Besides that, we will also see the thermodynamics laws that become the foundations of the concept of entropy which are the 2nd and 3rd laws of thermodynamics. Furthermore, we will see one of the application of the 2nd law of thermodynamics in Carnot engine. An idealised (impossible) engine

In this section, we will see the trends in stability constant where the ligands and the metal ions are changed. We will see some patterns that build up this concept about the trends and end up in hard and soft acid base theory. Lastly, in this section we will see how complex chemistry is used in our daily life.

In this section, we will build up one of the concept of the trend in stability constant where changing the ligands into chelating agent has effect on the stability constant. A chelating agent or a chelate can be defined as polydentate ligand where it has more than 1 attachment point of ligand-metal ion. In this section, we will also see the origin and the physical interpretation of the chelate effect. [M(EDTA ) ] (n-4)+  complex, the chelate effect

In this section, we will have a discussion how to make a complex compound through some common methods or reactions such as substitution or redox reaction. Besides that, we will also see some thermodynamics and kinetics aspect in complexation reaction, one of the thermodynamics parameter which will be discussed is the stability constant, K . Lastly, we will also see the pattern of K in complexation reaction with some abnormal cases.

In this section, we will build up again the concept of CFSE as we will look the consequences over CFSE into some observable values, such as hydration enthalpy of  M 2+  and ionic radius of  M 2+  ions. Besides that, we can also determine from the value of  Δ o  from hydration enthalpy. In this section also, we will look how CFSE could be used to predict the geometry of coordinated complex to be a tetrahedral or a octahedral complex.